Fano Varieties and Extremal Laurent Polynomials

Quantum Lefshetz for non-split bundle via “abelian/non-abelian correspondence”.

February 15, 2011, 5:09 pm

Bumsig Kim explained me how their beautiful theory provides a tool for computing J-series of $V_{22}$ and many other Fano threefolds.

The computation for $V_{22}$ can be reproduced by the following pari/gp code (I omit checking that mirror map is almost trivial):

N=9 o = O(t^(N+1)) h(n) = sum(k=1,n,1/k) hh(n) = sum(k=1,n,sum(l=k+1,n,1/k/l)) gg(x, p) = (x!*(1+h(x)*p+hh(x)*p^2+O(u^4))) simplemirrormap(F) = F * exp(-polcoeff(F,1,t)*t) reg(F) = sum(n=0,N,t^n*polcoeff(F,n,t)*n!)+O(t^(N+1)) period(F) = reg(simplemirrormap(F))


gp > v22 = period( polcoeff( sum(a=0,N,sum(b=0,N,sum(c=0,N,o+ t^(a+b+c)* ( gg(a+b,u*(A+B)) * gg(a+c,u*(A+C)) * gg(b+c,u*(B+C)) )^3 / (gg(a,u*A) * gg(b,u*B) * gg(c,u*C) )^7 *(c-b+u*(C-B))*(c-a+u*(C-A))*(b-a+u*(B-A)) ))) + O(u^4) , 3,u) /(C-B)/(C-A)/(B-A) + o )

%2 = 1 + 12*t^2 + 60*t^3 + 636*t^4 + 5760*t^5 + 58620*t^6 + 604800*t^7 + 6447420*t^8 + O(t^9)
Indeed, period sequence 17.
Note that $gg(x,p) = \frac{\Gamma(1 + x + \frac{p}{z})}{\Gamma(1 + \frac{p}{z})} + o(\frac{1}{z^3})$ is the familiar Gamma-factor with $u=\frac{1}{z}$ .

——————————————————-

So, how does it works?

Consider 3-dimensional vector space $U = \CC^3$ with a fixed base, 7-dimensional vector space $V = \CC^7$ , and space $M = \CC^{21}$ of 3×7 matrices $M = Hom(U,V) =Hom(\CC^3, \CC^7)$

Group $G = Aut(U) = GL(3)$ acts on M by left multiplication. It has a subgroup $T = (\CC^*)^3$ of diagonal matrices and one may restrict the action to this smaller subgroup.

Let $M_{na}$ be the subset of matrices of maximal rank and $M_{ab}$ be the subset of matrices with non-vanishing rows, $M_{na}$ is an open subset in $M_{ab}$ .

Consider quotient spaces $X_{na} = M_{na} / G$ and $X_{ab} = M_{ab} / T$ . Note that $X_{na} = Gr(3,V) = Gr(3,7)$ and $X_{ab} = (\PP(V))^3 = (\PP^6)^3$ .

Since T is a subgroup of G, there is a natural rational map $\pi: X_{ab} -> X_{na}$ : a triple of points in $\PP^6$ is sent to their linear span.

Weyl group (symmetric group $S_3$ ) acts on $X_{ab} = (\PP^6)^3$ and hence it acts on the cohomology $H(X_{ab}) = H((\PP^6)^3)$ , so cohomology space is decomposed into representations of $S_3$ .

[I’ll omit the part of the story with the partial flag space and non-holomorphic map].

1. It turns out that cohomology $H(X_{na})$ can be identified with antisymmetric part of $H(X_{ab})$ as a graded vector space (with grading shifted by 3).
Explicitly, $H(X_{ab})$ is generated by 3 pullbacks $H_1, H_2, H_3$ of hyperplane sections on $\PP^6$ ; cohomologies of Grassmanian are known to be quotient of symmetric polynomials. Vector space of anti-symmetric polynomials is obtained from vector space of symmetric polynomials via multiplication by anti-symmetric polynomial of the smallest degree $Formula does not parse: \Delta = \prod_{i<j} (s_i-s_j)[/latex]. So cohomology class in Grassmanian corresponding to symmetric function [latex]\sigma[/latex] is sent into [latex]\Delta \cup \sigma(H_1,H_2,H_3)[/latex]. <b>2.</b>Also we can compare vector bundles on [latex]X_{ab}$ and $X_{na}$ by pulling them back to M, and considering as G-linearized.
It turns out that universal bundle U over Gr(3,7) decomposes into sum of 3 line bundles on $X_{ab}: U <-> O(1,0,0) \oplus O(0,1,0) \oplus O(0,0,1)$ .
So $O_{Gr(3,7)}(1) <-> O(1,1,1)$ and $U^*(1) <-> O(1,1,0) \oplus O(1,0,1) \oplus O(0,1,1)$ .

3. On domain of $\pi$ one may define a relative tangent bundle $T_{\pi}$ (“traceless” part of $Hom(U,U)$ ). It turns out this vector bundle can be extended as a split vector bundle to whole $X_{ab}$ : $T_{\pi} = O(1,-1,0) \oplus O(-1,1,0) \oplus O(1,0,-1) \oplus O(-1,0,1) \oplus O(0,1,-1) \oplus O(0,-1,1)$ .
Consider “square root” of relative tangent bundle $t_{\pi} = O(0,-1,1) \oplus O(-1,0,1) \oplus O(-1,1,0)$ .

4.Recall that Fano threefolds $V_{22} = V_{na}$ are sections of homogeneous vector bundle $E = 3 U^*(1)$ on $Gr(3,7)$ . Comparision (2) shows these threefolds has 9-dimensional abelianizations $V_{ab}$ — complete intersections of $9$-dimensional split bundle $E_{ab} = (O \oplus O \oplus O) \otimes (O(1,1,0) \oplus O(1,0,1) \oplus O(0,1,1))$ on $X_{ab}$ .

5. Abelian/non-abelian correspondence is similar for pairs $X_{ab}/X_{na}$ and $V_{ab}/V_{na}$ .
J-series for Gr(3,7) can be obtained as twisted by relative tangent bundle $T_{\pi}$ I-series for $e(t_{\pi}) \cup I_{X_{ab},T_{\pi}}$ after the comparision of cohomologies described in (1).
Similarly, J-series for $V_{22}$ can be obtained via mirror map from twisted by $T_{\pi} + E_{ab}$ I-series $e(t_{\pi}) \cup I_{X_{ab},T_{\pi}+E}$ after the “pullbacked” comparision (1).

6. The sign comes from considering closely the Gamma-factor for relative tangent bundle $T_{\pi}$ . Note that fibers of abelian/non-abelian correspondence are in some sense holomorphic symplectic (relative tangent bundle contains both O(D) and O(-D)), so they behave like varieties with trivial canonical class.
Consider the factor $\frac{\Gamma(1+D+d) \Gamma(1-D-d)}{\Gamma(1+D)\Gamma(1-D)}$ . Since $\Gamma(1+x) \Gamma(1-x) = \frac{\pi x}{sin (\pi x)}$ and $sin (\pi (x+d)) = (-1)^d sin(\pi x)$ we have $\frac{\Gamma(1+D+d) \Gamma(1-D-d)}{\Gamma(1+D)\Gamma(1-D)} = (-1)^d \frac{d+D}{D}$ .

The same method can also be applied to complete intersections of homogeneous bundles in orthogonal isotropic and symplectic isotropic Grassmanians, since these Grassmanians themselves are just sections of some homogeneous bundles (wedge or symmetric powers of universal bundle) on ordinary Grassmanians of type A. Also this can be uprgaded to treat different blowups of these varieties. In particular, in the comments to this post I compute J-series for Fano threefolds $V_5$ , #2.14, #2.17, #2.20, #2.21 and #2.22.

Also Bumsig points out that one can express the ab/non-ab twist as a differential operator applied to abelian multi-parameter J-function (basically, just Vandermonde $\prod_{i>j} (\frac{d}{d q_i} - \frac{d}{d q_j})$ . This interpretation is more useful for dealing with Frobenius manifolds.

References:
Gromov-Witten Invariants for Abelian and Nonabelian Quotients by Aaron Bertram, Ionut Ciocan-Fontanine, Bumsig Kim
The Abelian/Nonabelian Correspondence and Frobenius Manifolds by Ionut Ciocan-Fontanine, Bumsig Kim, Claude Sabbah
Quantum cohomology of the Grassmannian and alternate Thom-Sebastiani by Bumsig Kim, Claude Sabbah

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3 Comments

Tom says:

February 17, 2011 at 11:41 am

Very nice! Is it possible to upgrade this to treat blow-ups of complete intersections in Grassmannians, e.g. #14 on the rank 2 list (the blow-up of $V_5 \subset \PP^6$ with center an elliptic curve that is a complete intersection of two hyperplace sections)?
Sergey says:

February 18, 2011 at 4:19 pm

Abelianizations for $V_5$ and 2.14

#2.14 is a relatively easy case (just the hypersurface in $V_5 \times \PP^1$ ), so can be reduced to $V_5$ easily, and it can also be done via abelianization:

$V_5$ is an intersection of 3 hypersurfaces in $Gr(2,5)$ , abelianization of $Gr(2,5)$ is $\PP^4 \times \PP^4$ ,
so abelianization of #14 is an intersection of 4 hypersurfaces in $\PP^4 \times \PP^4 \times \PP^1$
of degrees (1,1,0), (1,1,0), (1,1,0), (1,1,1). Relative abelian/non-abelian tangent bundle is $T_{\pi} = O(1,-1,0) + O(-1,1,0)$ , and its “square root” (Vandermonde) is O(-1,1,0).

Here is the code for $V_5$ and #2.14.
v5 = period( polcoeff( sum(a=0,N,sum(b=0,N, o + t^(2*(a+b)) * gg(a+b,u*(A+B))^3 / (gg(a,u*A) * gg(b,u*B))^5 * (b-a+u*(B-A))*(-1)^(b-a) )) + O(u^2) , 1,u) /(B-A) + o ) mm214 = period( subst(polcoeff( sum(a=0,N,sum(b=0,N,sum(c=0,N, o + t^(a+b+c) * ( gg(a+b,u*(A+B))^3 * gg(a+b+c,u*(A+B)+C) ) / (gg(a,u*A) * gg(b,u*B))^5 / gg(c,C)^2 * (b-a+u*(B-A))*(-1)^(b-a) ))) + O(u^2) , 1,u) /(B-A) + o, C,0) )
%3 = 1 + 6*t^2 + 114*t^4 + 2940*t^6 + 87570*t^8 + O(t^10) %4 = 1 + 16*t^2 + 90*t^3 + 1104*t^4 + 11460*t^5 + 133990*t^6 + 1588860*t^7 + 19463920*t^8 + 242996040*t^9 + O(t^10)

Note there is a sign $(-1)^{b-a}$ as explained in 6. In case of Gr(3,7) there were 3 signs $(-1)^{b-a} \cdot (-1)^{c-a} \cdot (-1)^{c-b}$ that cancelled altogether.
Sergey says:

February 22, 2011 at 4:42 pm

Abelianizations for 2.17, 2.20, 2.21 and 2.22

It is also possible to compute period sequence 46 (that should correspond to #2.20) in a similar way:
consider non-abelianization of complete intersection of line bundles with degrees
(1,0,1), (0,1,1) and thrice (1,1,0) on $(\PP^4)^2 \times \PP^2$ (we consider only involution permuting two four-spaces).

This non-abelianization is a complete intersection of three hyperplane sections $O_{Gr(2,5)}(1)$ and (dual?) universal bundle twisted by $O_{\PP^1}(1)$ on $Gr(2,5) \times \PP^1$ .

Similarly.

Abelianization for #2.17 seem to be complete intersection in
$(\PP^3)^2 \times \PP^3$ (involution exchanges first two 3-spaces)
of line bundles O(1,0,1),O(0,1,1),O(1,1,0),O(1,1,1).

Abelianization for #2.21 seem to be complete intersection in
$(\PP^3)^2 \times \PP^4$ (involution exchanges first two 3-spaces)
of line bundles O(1,0,1) twice, O(0,1,1) twice and O(1,1,0).

Abelianization for #2.22 seem to be complete intersection in
$(\PP^4)^3 \times \PP^3$ ( $S_3$ permutes three 4-spaces)
of line bundles O(1,0,0,1),O(0,1,0,1),O(0,0,1,1) and thrice O(1,1,1,0).